The History of Doping Studies
By Andrew Richardson
This is a short article looking at the Doping Study
Timeline. The information was obtained from IPF Magazine pages 48-54 Issue
10(2015) and NADA Germany, Prof. Dr. Dirk Clasing (Doping and list agents
2003), Wikipedia, WADA, Peter Konopka (Sports Nutrition, 2002).
1970’s: Study
from the UDSSR
-
A secret document from the Soviet Union publicised
in 2000, proves the existence of government-sponsored studies from the early
1970’s on the effects of anabolic steroids Dianabol and Retaboil/Decaburabolin)
on various morphological, biomechanical and physiological variables of athletes
and athletic performance in various sports. The athletic performance increased,
regeneration was accelerated and appetite increased. A positive mood led to the
desire to exercise more. There were also detailed recommendations for steroid
use in various sports.
1984: Study from
America
-
1984 NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic
Association) together with the Human Medicine at the Michigan State University
published a survey called “The Substance Use and Abuse Habits of College
Student-Athletes”. 2039 sports people took part in the evaluation. Here are
some of the results:
Use of in the past 12 months;
Amphetamines 8% of respondents
61% took if for private or social
reasons
37% took it to improve athletic
performance
Anabolic Steroids 9% American Football Players
4% Athletes, Tennis
players, Basketball Players
Marijuana or Hashish 36%
Cocaine 17%
Barbiturates or Tranquilizers 2%
28% took it due
to injuries
8% took it to improve
athletic performance
Greater consumption of Alcohol 37% (more than 3-5 drinks, 2-5 times a week.
1987: Study from
America
-
The first study in the USA was conducted on the
use of anabolic steroids. 6.6% of male high school visitors had experience with
one or more of these agents. 38% had started taking it before the age of 16.
Numerous other studies found that 4-12% of male high school visitors had an
experience with anabolic steroids during their lifetime.
1988: Study from
Italy
-
Survey done in 1988 on Italian athletes by the Italian
Olympic Committee and the National Health Council regarding their doping
knowledge and doping habits. 1015 athletes (690 male, 325 female) and 216
caregivers, doctors and managers were interviewed. 30% of athletes, coaches and
managers and 21% of physicians said that performance could be improved by prohibited
substances or practices. 27% of the athletes reported occasional use of
amphetamines. 26% took anabolic steroids and 25% of autologous blood
transfusions. The reasons for the abuse that was mentioned; 63% win in
competition, 9% improve performance, 6% pain reduction and 6% prompted by
trainer. The vast majority of athletes demanded strict doping controls not only
in comp but also in training.
1993/94: Study
from Germany
-
In Hanover, Germany 1993/1994 a total of 97
students (53 girls, 44 Boys) between the ages of 15-19 and 19 teachers were
asked about strategies to improve performance. On the subject of doping 57%
knew of the prohibited substance groups. However, none of them had their own
experience with drugs. Almost all students rejected the manipulation of
physical performance by doping from a substance. Half of the young people had
known such agents could be obtained if the need for such arose.
1994: Study from
Switzerland
-
The doping laboratory in Lausanne conducted a
student survey in 1994. As part of a health survey 5 500 students between the
ages of 11-16 were surveyed regarding their opinion on the efficacy of drugs,
their knowledge and the procedure to use of drugs, their knowledge and the
procedure to use drugs. The most important message from this study was that
they believed the efficacy of doping substances increases strongly from 13-14
years of age. Accurate knowledge about doping remained low however.
1998: Study from
Germany
-
Recreational athletes from 24 North German
fitness centres were asked drug abuse in 1998. 255 in total took part: 204
male, 51 female, 49 men and 4 women were classified as users. The male users
(these were further evaluated) took one or more active ingredients such as
methandrolstenolone, nandrolone, testosterone, oxandralon, stanozolol,
methenolone, HCG, STH, cleanbuterol and others, and also cannabis, coacaine, ecstacy
and amphetamines. The intake periods lasted about 7.5 weeks. The procurement was
carried out on the black market. In the 15% of cases the anabolic steroids were
prescribed by a doctor. The authors suggested that entry into drug abuse was
likely after about 2 years of training if no more power progress was observed
by the athlete.
1999: Study from Germany
-
In 1999 the Emnid Institute Bielefeld Germany, questioned
3085 sporty students. They were aged between, 14-18 on issues regarding doping.
91% were of the opinion that doping ruins sport. 74% felt that the penalties
should be harder. 88% thought that professional athletes taking drugs under
medical supervision should not be allowed 83% wanted trainers and doctors punished.
The regular use of sedatives and sleeping pills was specified by 8% of 12 year
olds and 12% of 17 year-olds, while the regular use of excitation and
stimulants of 6% of 12 year old and 11% of 17 year olds. Girls were accessing
medicines more often than boys. The drug consumption was related to the “stress
of school”.
2001: Study from Switzerland
-
In 2 population surveys (1998 and 2001) 800 and
1 535 people were interviewed from all linguistic regions of Switzerland. The
surveys found that 90% of the respondents felt that doping in sport is a very
big or fairly big problem. 57% (1998) and 75% (2001) are for a general ban a doping.
34% (1998) and 19% (2001) are for delivery under medical supervision. 6% (1998)
and 4% (2001) are for a release of doping. In general, the majority responded that
control measures should be amplified especially prevention and that fair play
among young people is encouraged, that there are more checks and that sportsmen
testing positive should be punished.
Obviously doping occurred before the 1970’s but there isn’t any
studies that go into depth on the use and effects of them.
Hope you liked this brief overview of the Doping Timeline.
Andrew Richardson
AnAndrew Richardson, Founder of Strength is Never a Weakness Blog
I have a BSc (Hons) in Applied Sport Science and a Merit in my MSc in Sport and Exercise Science and I passed my PGCE at Teesside University.
Now I will be commencing my PhD into "Investigating Sedentary Lifestyles of the Tees Valley" this October 2019.
I am employed by Teesside University Sport and WellBeing Department as a PT/Fitness Instructor.
My long term goal is to become a Sport Science and/or Sport and Exercise Lecturer. I am also keen to contribute to academia via continued research in a quest for new knowledge.
My most recent publications:
My passion is for Sport Science which has led to additional interests incorporating Sports Psychology, Body Dysmorphia, AAS, Doping and Strength and Conditioning.
Within these respective fields, I have a passion for Strength Training, Fitness Testing, Periodisation and Tapering.
I write for numerous websites across the UK and Ireland including my own blog Strength is Never a Weakness.
I had my own business for providing training plans for teams and athletes.
I was one of the Irish National Coaches for Powerlifting, and have attained two 3rd places at the first World University Championships,
in Belarus in July 2016.Feel free to email me or call me as I am always looking for the next challenge.
Contact details below;
Facebook: Andrew Richardson (search for)
Facebook Page: @StrengthisNeveraWeakness
Twitter: @arichie17
Instagram: @arichiepowerlifting
Snapchat: @andypowerlifter
Email: a.s.richardson@tees.ac.uk
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/andrew-richardson-b0039278
Research Gate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrew_Richardson7
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